A picture taken on July 9, 2014 shows green algae on a beach in Grandcamp-Maisy, northwestern France. — AFP photo
In previous articles, concerns over emissions from manufacturing building materials for Nusantara were raised. Cement and steel manufacturing was referred to as ‘harder-to-abate’ sectors with high abatement costs to achieve net zero. Both sectors contribute about 16 per cent of global CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions.
These sectors cannot be simply electrified as they require high-density, local energy sources that fossil fuels can only fulfil. For example, reducing iron ore in blast furnaces involves using coke. In addition, some emissions come from the processes (not due to energy use), such as the conversion of limestone into clinker in cement production. These industrial processes are highly integrated and not easy to change.
The…
Decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors with biomass, hydrogen, and algae?
