The lithium-ion battery, introduced commercially in 1991, revolutionized the consumer electronics industry. Compared with older battery technologies, the lithium-ion battery was lightweight and compact, had high energy density, and required little to no maintenance, making it the ideal battery for mobile devices. It now powers the world’s most popular electronics, from smartphones to laptops to wearable devices. But the lithium-ion battery has now expanded far beyond the consumer electronics industry, sparking a gold rush of research and development aimed at producing lower-cost, higher-performance batteries that can be used in a wider range of applications. Over the past decade, developments in battery technology have led to rapid advances in the ubiquity of electric vehicles (“EVs”) and opened up new possibilities for energy solutions that will help reduce dependence on…