Introduction
In Spain, the National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030 (“PNIEC”) aims to achieve a 100% renewable electricity system by 2050. However, the widespread penetration of intermittent renewable generation and the closure of thermal power plants is impacting the manageability of the Spanish electricity system, which could in turn further jeopardise the security of supply (which is already threatened due to the war in Ukraine and subsequent energy price volatility across the continent). Policymakers are therefore recognising the importance of having access to more flexible technologies that are capable of generating and dispatching electricity in shorter periods of time as a means to compensate for the intermittency of renewable generation.
In this context, the development of energy storage technologies has been presented as one of the main solutions to enable the…
